UPSC CSE Prelims

12subject areas

94topics

2,634questions

History of India

Indus Valley & Prehistoric Cultures

This topic covers India's prehistoric cultures — Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic and megalithic — and the Harappan civilisation: its extent and phases, town planning, economy, society, seals and script, art, site signatures, and decline.

Concepts

Stone Age tool traditions and subsistence: The Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic stages, each marked by its own tool-making tradition and way of getting food, from hunting and gathering towards settled farming.
Chalcolithic and megalithic cultures: Copper-using farming cultures and the later megalithic burial cultures, each known through excavated sites. Burzahom, Inamgaon, Ganeshwar and Mangadu are among the named sites studied across this prehistoric and early metal-using span.
Harappan extent and chronology: The geographical spread of the civilisation and its division into pre-Harappan, mature and late phases, each phase with its own character and span.
Harappan town planning: The grid street layout, the division between a raised citadel and a lower town, covered drainage systems, and structures identified as granaries.
Harappan economy: Farming, specialised craft production, and trade both within the Harappan zone and outward, including contact with Mesopotamia.
Society and the limits of the evidence: What the archaeological remains show about occupations and social or political organisation — and, just as importantly, how far that evidence can be pushed before it stops supporting a conclusion.
Seals and the undeciphered script: The carved seals and the writing on them, which has not been deciphered, so claims about what Harappan texts say remain unsettled.
Harappan art and craft: Terracotta figurines, the bronze Dancing Girl made by lost-wax casting, carnelian bead-work, and pottery — each object tied to its own material and technique.
Site-specific signatures: Features that major sites are known for: Dholavira's water management and reservoirs, Lothal's dockyard, Kalibangan's ploughed field and fire altars, Rakhigarhi's scale, and Mohenjo-daro and Harappa as type sites.
Theories of Harappan decline: Proposed explanations for the civilisation's end, including climatic change and river shifts, along with the debate over how far there was real discontinuity.

What Understanding Means

Match each named object to its exact material and technique rather than to the general average of Harappan craft.
Place each named prehistoric, Chalcolithic or megalithic site in its correct culture and tool-and-subsistence stage.
Link each named site across the topic to its own state, monument type and headline feature, avoiding a neighbouring region, a swapped type or another site's fame.
Read an archaeological finding for only what it strictly entails, rejecting a plausible-sounding social conclusion it does not support.
Sort Harappan material into its pre-Harappan, mature and late phases, and set out the competing explanations offered for the decline.

All 94 topics

General Studies Paper I

History of India

Indus Valley & Prehistoric CulturesThis topic covers India's prehistoric cultures — Palaeolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Chalcolithic and megalithic — and the Harappan civilisation: its extent and phases, town planning, economy, society, seals and script, art, site signatures, and decline.
Vedic AgeThe Vedic Age covers Early and Later Vedic polity, society, economy and religion, the Vedic literature itself, and the Aryan-origins debate. Harappan civilisation, the Mahajanapadas, and the doctrinal content of the Upanishads lie outside this topic and are studied separately.
Mahajanapadas, Jainism & BuddhismThis topic covers the sixteen mahajanapadas and the pre-Mauryan rise of Magadha, with the Second Urbanisation that coins and towns evidence, the Persian and Greek incursions in the north-west, and the doctrines, councils, schisms, schools and texts of Jainism, Buddhism and other heterodox sects.
Mauryan & Post-Mauryan IndiaThis topic covers the Mauryan empire — its founding, Ashoka's reign and edicts, the Arthashastra, administration, art and decline — the post-Mauryan successor states of north, central and western India, and the Sangam-age Tamil kingdoms with their ports and Indo-Roman trade.
Gupta & Post-Gupta AgeThe Gupta empire and its aftermath: imperial administration, economy and society, Gupta-era science and technology, the dynastic sequence and its "classical age" reputation, the unsettled north Indian decades after c. 550 CE, and the rise of Harshavardhana.
Early Medieval India & the CholasEarly medieval India covers the tripartite struggle for Kannauj between the Palas, Gurjara-Pratiharas and Rashtrakutas, the Rajput and regional houses, the Pallavas of the south, and above all the imperial Cholas with their village assemblies, temple economy and overseas navy.
Delhi Sultanate & Deccan KingdomsThis topic covers the five Delhi Sultanate dynasties and the contemporaneous powers of the Deccan and south — Vijayanagara, the Bahmani kingdom and its splinters, and the regional sultanates — with attention to which ruler owned which deed, reform or event.
Bhakti & Sufi MovementsBhakti saints and reformers, the Vedanta acharyas of devotion, and the Sufi silsilas with their khanqahs each taught a route to salvation or a devotional object. Syncretic traditions grew from Bhakti and Sufi contact, and the early Sikh Gurus founded and built the institutions of their faith.
Mughals & MarathasThis topic covers the Mughal empire from Babur to Aurangzeb and the Sur interregnum, together with Mughal administration, economy, society and decline, and the Maratha state from Shivaji through the Peshwa-era confederacy.
European Advent & Establishment of British RuleEuropean trading companies came to India, and the English East India Company turned trade into territory. This topic covers how British supremacy was extended over Indian states and what colonial revenue, currency, trade and famine policy did to India's producers and intermediaries.
Uprisings & the Revolt of 1857This topic covers the civil, tribal, military and peasant uprisings that came before 1857, then the Revolt of 1857 itself — its causes, spark, course, centres, leaders and limits — and the 1858 transfer of power from the Company to the Crown.
Socio-Religious Reform MovementsNineteenth- and early twentieth-century socio-religious reform in India: the Brahmo, Prarthana, Arya Samaj, Aligarh, Ramakrishna and community movements, caste and women's reform, the reform press, the landmark cases and laws reform fed, and the growth of national consciousness to 1885.
Early Nationalism & Revolutionary MovementsOrganised political nationalism from the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885 to the eve of the Gandhian mass movements, together with the revolutionary strand that continued into the 1920s: Moderates, Extremists, Swadeshi, the Surat split, and militant groups in India and abroad.
Gandhian Mass MovementsThe Gandhian mass movements of 1919-1947: Non-Cooperation with Khilafat, Civil Disobedience and Quit India, together with their peasant, worker, Left and depressed-class offshoots, the INA and Azad Hind, and the post-war upsurge.
Constitutional Developments & PartitionIndia's constitutional development from 1858 to 1947, traced through the Councils Acts, the Government of India Acts, the Round Table Conferences and Communal Award, and the wartime and endgame plans, ending in Partition and the accession of the princely states.
Indian Architecture & HeritageIndian architecture and heritage covers rock-cut caves and stupas, the Nagara, Dravida and Vesara temple styles, Indo-Islamic and colonial building, and UNESCO World Heritage sites in India along with heritage conservation.
Sculpture, Painting & Performing ArtsThis topic covers India's visual and performing arts: sculpture schools, mural and miniature painting, classical and folk dance, Hindustani and Carnatic music, theatre and puppetry, handicrafts and textiles, and heritage listings. The emphasis is on recalling exact pairings rather than plausible-sounding ones.
Religion, Philosophy & LiteratureThis topic covers the schools of Indian philosophy and heterodox thought, religious and syncretic traditions as tested in culture, classical and regional literature and languages, and the fairs, festivals and cultural institutions tied to them.

Geography

GeomorphologyGeomorphology covers the Earth's interior and theories of its origin, plate tectonics and continental drift, earthquakes and seismic waves, vulcanicity, the rock cycle, and the making of mountains and of fluvial, glacial, aeolian and karst landforms.
ClimatologyClimatology covers the atmosphere's heat budget and the seasonal pattern of insolation, the global pressure belts and the planetary and local winds they drive, humidity and precipitation, temperate and tropical cyclones, and the classification of world climates.
OceanographyOceanography covers the ocean floor's relief, the temperature and salinity of sea water, currents, tides and waves, and coral reefs. The emphasis is on reasoning from water distribution, wind-driven circulation and water budgets rather than recalling names.
Biogeography & SoilsBiogeography and soils covers how soils form and the major soil types of the world and India, together with natural vegetation and the world's biomes. The emphasis is on reading a type from its diagnostic signature and explaining what creates and sustains it.
India — PhysiographyIndia's physiography covers six physical divisions — the Himalayas, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Coastal Plains, Thar Desert and the Islands. The focus is on how each feature formed and which range system or block it truly belongs to.
India — Drainage & RiversIndia's Himalayan and Peninsular river systems: their tributaries and the order in which these join, and the lakes, waterfalls, reservoirs and gorges tied to particular rivers and states, plus the kinds of evidence that support claims about past drainage change.
India — Monsoon & ClimateIndia's climate is set by the monsoon's seasonal reversal of pressure and winds, its two south-west branches, the retreating north-east monsoon, western disturbances and coastal cyclones. Rainfall differs sharply by region, season and year, producing droughts, floods and departures from the standard season calendar.
India — AgricultureIndian agriculture covers the crops grown, their seasons and climatic needs, where they are produced, how they are irrigated and propagated, and how output, area and yield are compared. Cultivation techniques and India's standing in particular crops are included.
India — Resources & IndustryIndia's economic geography: mineral belts and energy resources, ore-to-element and ore-to-product pairings with their occurrence tracts, critical minerals and rare earth elements, industrial location and regions, ports and their record claims, and named connectivity and transport corridors.
World Regional GeographyWorld regional geography covers continents, countries and regions, world physical and natural regions, and global resource and economic patterns applied regionally. It uses regional outcomes rather than causal mechanisms, and sets aside India's own geography, pure map location, and human and settlement patterns.
Human GeographyHuman geography covers population size, growth and distribution, the stages of the demographic transition, migration, settlement types and urbanisation, and the way human development varies from place to place across India and the world.
Map Work & PlacesMap work asks where places are, not how they formed. You test a stated spatial relationship, such as borders, lies inside, sits on a parallel, or belongs to a named country, for Indian states, cities, rivers and parks, and for world countries, capitals and regions in the news.

Indian Polity & Governance

Making of the ConstitutionThis topic covers the making of India's Constitution: the chain of British constitutional Acts from 1773 to 1935 and the signature change each introduced, and the Constituent Assembly's work from 1946 to 1950, including its committees, borrowed sources, adoption and commencement.
Preamble, Features & CitizenshipThis topic covers the Preamble and its key words, the Constitution's defining features, the closing articles on short title, commencement and repeal, the numbering of its Parts, and citizenship under Articles 5-11 with the Citizenship Act 1955.
Amendment & Basic StructureHow the Constitution of India is changed under Article 368 — the routes, the majorities and the proviso requiring State ratification — and how far that power reaches, given the judge-made basic-structure doctrine and the Supreme Court's review of amendments.
Rights, DPSP & DutiesThis topic covers Fundamental Rights (Part III), Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) and Fundamental Duties (Part IV-A), the reasonable restrictions on rights, and the landmark Supreme Court cases on how these three parts interact.
Union ExecutiveThe Union Executive covers the President and Vice-President, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers: how each is chosen, sworn in and removed, and what powers each holds. Most powers are exercised on the binding advice of the Council of Ministers, with only narrow room for presidential discretion.
ParliamentParliament covers the structure and sessions of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, how bills and the budget pass through them, the motions and devices that shape business, and the committees and privileges that support the Houses.
State GovernmentState Government covers the Governor's powers, discretion and immunities, the Chief Minister and state council of ministers, the structure of the state legislature, the formation and special constitutional status of States, and the administration of Scheduled and tribal areas.
JudiciaryThis topic covers the Supreme Court and High Courts — their composition and jurisdictions, the five writs, contempt powers, judicial review and independence, the appointment of judges, regulation of advocates, tribunals and the subordinate judiciary. Much of the work lies in telling closely similar powers and remedies apart.
Federalism & Centre–State RelationsThis topic covers how legislative, administrative and financial powers are divided between the Centre and the states, how states relate to one another through disputes and coordinating councils, and how emergency provisions change the federal balance.
Local GovernmentLocal government in India covers Panchayati Raj institutions under the 73rd Amendment and municipalities under the 74th Amendment, along with the devolution of functions, funds and functionaries, and the state-level election and finance machinery that supports them.
Constitutional BodiesConstitutional bodies are those the Constitution itself names or creates, among them the Election Commission, CAG, UPSC, Finance Commission, Attorney-General and the commissions for SCs, STs and backward classes. This topic covers telling them apart from other bodies, and their composition, functions and independence.
Statutory & Non-Constitutional BodiesStatutory and non-constitutional bodies: NITI Aayog, the NHRC, the information commissions under the RTI framework, the CVC, CBI and Lokpal, and sectoral regulators. Work from each body's enabling Act or resolution to settle its origin, mandate, composition, jurisdiction and parent ministry.
Elections & RepresentationThis topic covers the law and machinery of elections and political representation in India: the Representation of the People Acts, delimitation, the Tenth Schedule anti-defection law, electoral reforms and their triggering conditions, party recognition, and pressure groups.
Governance & Public PolicyGovernance and public policy covers how India's administrative machinery and its named policy instruments actually work: scheme rules, the administrative-reform lineage, the civil service's role, the operative Aadhaar provisions, e-governance and records digitisation, and transparency tools such as RTI and citizens' charters.
Social Justice & Rights IssuesSocial justice in Indian polity covers welfare and rights protections for vulnerable sections — Scheduled Castes and Tribes, women, children, minorities and persons with disabilities — through constitutional provisions, rights-based statutes and the schemes and ministries that carry them out.

Economic & Social Development

National Income & Macro BasicsThis topic covers measuring national income through GDP and GNP-type aggregates, the difference between growth and development, the types, measurement and effects of inflation, and the structure of the Indian economy together with the tests used to classify activities, assets and capital.
Fiscal Policy & TaxationFiscal Policy and Taxation covers the Union budget and its documents, the revenue, fiscal and primary deficit identities, direct and indirect taxes including GST, the FRBM framework, public debt, and Centre–State finances with Finance Commission devolution.
Money, Banking & RBIThis topic covers money and its functions, the Reserve Bank of India's structure and monetary-policy toolkit, the banking system and its asset-quality vocabulary, financial-inclusion architecture, and payment systems including digital money.
Financial MarketsFinancial markets covers money and capital market instruments, mutual funds and alternative funds, bonds, derivatives, InvITs and REITs, SEBI's regulation of securities markets, and the routes by which foreign and retail investors enter Indian markets.
External SectorThe external sector covers India's balance of payments, exchange rates and convertibility, trade policy, foreign investment, and the main multilateral economic bodies and trade agreements. It also covers the frameworks through which creditors coordinate a distressed country's external debt.
Agricultural EconomyIndia's agricultural economy covers minimum support price and procurement, farm credit, subsidies and crop insurance, food security through the Public Distribution System, agri-marketing reform, farmer-aggregation models, and allied sectors such as livestock, fisheries and commodity boards.
Industry & InfrastructureThis area covers India's industrial policy and manufacturing, MSME regulation, and physical and digital infrastructure — energy, transport, urban and e-commerce — together with PPP models, infrastructure financing and the services sector.
Poverty, Inclusion & DemographicsThis topic covers how poverty, unemployment, population change and human development are measured, and the social-security provisions for unorganised and casual workers. It spans multidimensional poverty methods, demographic rates, the demographic dividend, inequality indices and the agencies compiling labour data.
Planning & Sustainable DevelopmentThis topic covers India's shift from the Planning Commission's Five-Year Plans to NITI Aayog, the Sustainable Development Goals and India's progress against them, sustainable-development strategy, green finance as policy design, and the growth-environment trade-off.
Scheme Delivery ArchitectureScheme delivery architecture is about how a government scheme's machinery is built and paid for, rather than what it does. It covers Direct Benefit Transfer, the JAM trinity, last-mile agents, and the centrally sponsored versus central sector funding split.

Environment & Ecology

Ecology FundamentalsEcology fundamentals covers how ecosystems are built and how they work: species interactions, feeding guilds, trophic levels and food webs, the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and water cycles, ecological succession, and comparative claims about ecosystem functions.
BiodiversityBiodiversity covers its levels and measures, India's megadiverse status and hotspots, IUCN Red List categories and the status of Indian species, invasive species, and keystone and flagship species. Named plants and animals are judged on their true origin, taxonomic group and species-specific traits.
Conservation & ConventionsThis topic covers India's protected-area network — national parks, sanctuaries, conservation and community reserves, tiger reserves, biosphere reserves and Ramsar wetlands — along with species projects and the international conservation conventions and domestic law that govern biodiversity use.
Climate ChangeClimate change covers the greenhouse effect and the agents that force it, IPCC assessments, and the treaty line from the UNFCCC through Kyoto to the Paris Agreement. It also covers India's pledges and missions, carbon removal and market instruments, adaptation and mitigation tools, and non-treaty coalitions.
PollutionPollution covers air, water, soil and noise: the pollutants themselves, air-quality indices, sources, waste streams, treatment methods, and the health and ecological effects that follow.
Environmental Law & InstitutionsIndian environmental and wildlife law: the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and rules made under it, the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, and forest-diversion and compensatory afforestation law. It also covers environmental institutions, including NGT, CPCB, SPCBs and CAMPA, and the environmental impact assessment process.
Energy & SustainabilityThis topic covers India's clean-energy transition: renewable-energy technologies and capacity targets, hydrogen, biofuels and storage, energy-efficiency programmes, and circular-economy and sustainable-agriculture practices. The emphasis is on how each technology works and on the targets set for it.

General Science & Technology

Everyday PhysicsEveryday and applied physics: mechanics, heat and thermodynamics, light and optics, sound, and electricity and magnetism. The emphasis is on explaining why an effect happens by naming the mechanism behind it, and on judging claims about familiar devices at a qualitative level.
Everyday ChemistryEveryday chemistry: matter, elements and periodic properties, acids and bases, and the chemical processes and materials behind industry, consumer goods and personal care. The emphasis is on pinning down the exact compound or mechanism involved.
Biology FundamentalsBiology fundamentals covers cell structure, inheritance, introductory human physiology, nutrition and gut microbes, basic microbiology, plant classification and plant uses, named biomolecules, and animal capabilities. The aim is to test each biological claim against a real example rather than by how plausible it sounds.
Human Health & DiseaseThis topic covers communicable and lifestyle diseases and the vectors that spread them, immunity and vaccination, and public-health programmes. It treats each named agent or term through what it is, how it acts on disease, and how far claims about it reach.
Space TechnologySpace technology covers ISRO's missions and launch vehicles, satellite types and orbits, and their uses in navigation, remote sensing and communication, alongside global space developments. Nuclear reactors and the fuel cycle, missiles and defence platforms, non-space physics and digital technologies sit outside this subject.
BiotechnologyBiotechnology covers genetically modified crops and their Indian regulatory context, genome editing and gene therapy, vaccines and the platforms behind named products, and stem cells, cloning and the bio-ethics debates these raise. The work is pinning each named technique, product or programme to its exact scientific definition and scope.
IT, AI & Digital TechnologiesHeadline IT and digital technology: AI and large language models, blockchain and digital currency, the metaverse, computing hardware in the news, 5G and networking, cloud services, cybersecurity, and Digital India platforms with their data-governance debates.
Defence TechnologyDefence technology covers missiles and their propulsion, munition energetics, aircraft roles and generations, stealth principles, the provenance of Indian platforms and standards, emerging drone and counter-drone systems, declared defence missions, and armed-forces organisation.
Nuclear TechnologyNuclear reactors and India's three-stage programme, the fuel cycle from mining through to waste management, and the treaty and export-control frame — NPT, CTBT, NSG and the IAEA — governing civilian nuclear material, together with India's actual standing under each and the programme's realised size.
Emerging Tech & IPRThis topic covers nanotechnology, robotics and drones, quantum technologies, semiconductors, and intellectual property rights such as patents and GI tags, along with other emerging science and technology items in the news. The focus is on judging unfamiliar statements by reasoning rather than recall.

Current Affairs

National AffairsNational Affairs covers standalone developments in India's news — new institutions, missions, committees, named operations and legislation in the news — where what is tested is the event itself rather than any settled concept behind it.
International Relations & OrganisationsCovers India's bilateral and regional engagements, plus the international organisations, groupings, summits and global agreements in the news — membership, host cities, mandates, and whether they legally bind states. Accuracy often turns on a single quantifier, force word or named body.
Reports & IndicesMajor global and national reports and indices in the news: which body publishes each one, the specific thing it measures, and where India stands on it. Here the report itself is the news object, not the subject theory behind what it measures.
Awards, Persons, Places & SportsThis topic covers major awards and their fields, people in the news identified by an achievement, places in the news tied to a specific country or city, and significant sports events, records and firsts.
Schemes & Initiatives in NewsSchemes, missions and initiatives that have just been launched or renamed, as reported in the news. The focus is the announcement itself — who sponsors and runs it, what benefit it carries, whom and where it covers, and what it claims to achieve — not the settled design of long-established schemes.

General Studies Paper II (CSAT)

Comprehension

Central IdeaFinding a passage's central idea means picking the one claim the passage as a whole is built to support, defending it using only the sentences printed there, and rejecting look-alike options that overstate, narrow, import, invert or reverse the passage's point.
Inference & ConclusionThis topic covers deciding which conclusions, implications and assumptions a comprehension passage actually licenses. You accept restatements and honest steps the text commits to, reject plausible additions it never states, and avoid discarding strongly worded statements the passage supports just as strongly.
Tone, Purpose & Passage LogicShort prose passages are read for what the writer is doing with them — reporting, contrasting, arguing, prescribing, needling — and statements about tone, intent and wording are judged against the passage's own language, including its figurative language.

Logical Reasoning & Analytical Ability

Syllogisms & DeductionFormal deduction from self-contained statements: categorical syllogisms and Venn reasoning, statement-conclusion, statement-assumption and strength-of-argument judgments, chained conditionals and either/or reasoning, coded relational symbols, truth-teller puzzles, and classifying how statements relate to each other.
Analytical Puzzles & ArrangementsAnalytical puzzles ask you to pin down seating, grouping, ranking or scheduling from partial clues. You extract every stated constraint, build the arrangements that satisfy them all, and judge each statement against the full set of survivors.
Series, Coding & AnalogyThis topic covers number and letter series, coding-decoding, analogy and classification, and pattern-completion reasoning. In each, a hidden rule must be worked out from the data given, checked against every term or pair, and only then applied to the question asked.
Relations, Directions & CalendarsWord problems that reward picking the right representation: blood-relation chains, direction-sense walks, clock angles, calendar repeats, and cube cutting and painting. Each is turned into a family tree, axis ledger, angle formula, odd-day tally or cut count, reading off only what the premises force.

Decision Making & Problem Solving

Situational JudgmentSituational judgment asks you to work through administrative and interpersonal dilemmas and choose the most defensible course of action, and to identify which administrative principle a described action demonstrates. It tests applied judgment on unfamiliar situations rather than recall of facts.

Interpersonal & Communication Skills

Communication Tools, Barriers & ConventionsThis topic covers written and interpersonal communication: what each communication tool or medium is for, how communication barriers are classified by their root cause, and the conventions of professional correspondence.

Basic Numeracy & Data Interpretation

Number SystemNumber System covers the properties of numbers, LCM and HCF, divisibility and remainders, squares, cubes, surds and indices, and simplification. The work is to strip a large integer or digit construct down to its number-theoretic structure and reason from it.
Percentages, Ratio & Commercial ArithmeticCommercial arithmetic covers percentages, ratio and proportion, averages, profit and loss, partnership, simple and compound interest, and alligation and mixtures. The skill is translating a word problem into the right relation before calculating.
Time, Work & DistanceTime, work and distance problems all reduce to rates: work per unit time or distance per unit time. You convert the scenario into rates, decide whether they add or subtract, combine them, and read off the quantity asked for.
Sets, Counting & ProbabilityThis topic covers set theory with Venn-diagram counting, permutations and combinations, and elementary probability. You translate a word problem into an exact model — a Venn region, an arrangement structure, or a ratio of outcomes — and count carefully rather than reaching for a formula by habit.
Data InterpretationReading and computing from tables, bar charts, pie charts and line graphs: comparisons, growth rates and shares. You decide what quantity the question asks for, over which figures and in which units, then carry out the arithmetic and check it against the stated condition.
Data SufficiencyData sufficiency asks whether the information given is enough to force one answer, not what that answer is. You test each statement alone, turn to both together only if neither alone settles the question, and decide by trying to build two consistent scenarios that give different answers.
AlgebraAlgebra at Class-X level: manipulating expressions, solving linear and quadratic equations, and reasoning with inequalities. The tested skill is turning stated word conditions into relations, then answering exactly the quantity asked without claiming more than the relations force.
MensurationMensuration covers perimeter and area of plane figures and surface area and volume of solids, including composite and partitioned shapes. It also covers metric conversion across length, area and capacity, and judging cutting, fitting or partition claims that turn on measured quantities.